The initiative / STAR WARS In FILJAH.
The initiative / STAR WARS In FILJAH.
Kosmagonija.
The Russian space agency is ready to take on the maintenance all rocket
The country industry. And all to catch the control over
The one and only enterprise.
The director of the Russian space agency (RKA) Jury Koptev is intended
To subordinate to the department the one and only enterprise - State
The space research-and-production centre (GKNPTS) name Hrunicheva. For the sake of
It experts of agency have not regretted a paper and have written tolstennuju
The program of re-structuring of branch, which government on the passed
To week has not dared to consider and has transferred discussion for a month. In this
To program RKA at the same time promises to the government to operate reasonably and all
Other space industry of the country. With received in loading
Factories it is possible to reconcile, as one GKNPTS costs more than all
The one hundred which has remained almost of enterprises.
Created in 1992 RKA reflected as exact analogue of the American
NASA. The agency should act as the customer of the national space
Programs and, receiving from the government money to pay off with
Manufacturers of companions, rockets and started these rockets
Military men. Basically so all, probably, also would turn out, and RKA
It was satisfied with distribution of money between the numerous Russian
Space factories if the state has not ceased to finance
Space, and is no time enterprises implicitly submitting to state departments not
Would began to earn money for the party.
For years of reforms budgetary financing was reduced 10 times, and were
Mail boxes have managed to earn on a foreign market more than to them has given
The government. According to European Space Directory, in 1988 the space
Expenses of the USSR have reached peak and have made $3,5 billion In 1997 budget RKA
Has made hardly more $500 million, and those have been paid at the best on
Two thirds. Currency receipts from the international contracts, by data
The governmental sources, in 1997 have made $472 million
Therefore it is no wonder, that RKA has begun struggle for expansion of the
Powers. And first the government did not contradict Jury Koptevu -
Prospects of the space industry in the beginning 90 were rather foggy, and
Fuss with not got used in something to itself to refuse cosmonauts was much. And
RKA four ten enterprises and the organisations space have been passed
Branches. п п?п©я п п п command has acquired the right to solve, what research
The program of jurisdictional enterprise deserves budgetary support, and
What is not present.
Has appeared at RKA and other major function - the control over performance
The foreign contracts which are carried out by subordinated structures. Agency
Established the prices and operated financial streams, besides directing
Them on perspective, from its point of view, the program.
In a word, to the beginning of this year at RKA there was all (except, naturally, money in
Due quantity) - state, commercial and even control
Functions and weight of the property. The only thing that not in there was no time
Smart, but it is strong obtrepavshemsja office in the street Schukin, so it
Confidence, that all good received from the government can bring
Profit.
The bases for doubts were more than serious. So it has turned out, that
The basic money to the Russian astronautics brings only two enterprises
-- Space-rocket corporation "Energy" and GKNPTS name Hrunicheva. RKK
"Energy" receives money from Americans for flights of astronauts and
The European cosmonauts on station "World", takes part in creation
The international space station. And RKA with pleasure operates
State block of shares of actions of this company.
But the favourite of Soviet times "Energy" to the middle 90 it is definitive and
Has irrevocably yielded the palm to the Center of name Hrunicheva. It not
Only has received orders for $1,4 mlrd on start of commercial companions with
The help of the rocket "Proton", but also makes the most part
The Russian segment of the international space station. It is supposed, that
From a total sum of the Russian expenses on station creation ($10,6 mlrd to 2012
Year) 70 % will get to the centre.
Besides, the Center of name Hrunicheva does modules for Americans, conducts
Negotiations with Europeans and Ukrainians about construction of modules of the space
Stations and for them. At last, from ten joint ventures created by the Russian
The space enterprises, in three participates GKNPTS: International Launching
System with American Locheed Martin, EuRocot with German DASA and Iridium with
American Motorola.
Besides experts predict by 2007 new splash in orders on
Conclusion of communication satellites. And the Center of name Hrunicheva with the
Carrier rockets "M Proton" and "Angara" and at support of the
The American partners can take in the lead positions in this market. That
There are financial possibilities of the centre hardly probable do not surpass those sums,
Of which disposes RKA, and to accessory manufacturers of job the centre sets more,
Than agency.
So by GKNPTS Jury Koptev could not pass. But a problem that
The centre in itself was to director RKA not on a teeth. In 1993, still when in
GKNPTS the daughter of president Tatyana Dyachenko worked, it has protected itself(himself) from any
Encroachments from the party, having achieved the status of the state centre.
Appoint the director of the centre Boris Yeltsin could only.
Subordinate to itself GKNPTS Koptev can only in one way - having made it
Less state. For example, having created on its base joint-stock company.
But attempt to reform only will necessarily call one enterprise
Suspicion. At opposition - in intention to sell the supercompany the foreign
To competitors, at the government - in power monopolisation. Means, it is necessary
As it is possible to disguise the true aspirations more carefully. And skilled
apparatchik Jury Koptev finds a way out - it is necessary to give to changes simply
The nation-wide, federal status. As the present
The Ministry of Economics likes to develop re-structuring programs
Various branches - from aviation to automobile.
In the beginning of 1997 general director RKA has addressed to the government with
Idea of reorganisation of all space branch. Idea Kopteva that
The enterprises in process aktsionirovanija are divided into some groups - on
To volume of a share holding which remains in management of the state with
Its subsequent transfer to management RKA.
Degree aktsionirovanija defines RKA. It also is a key link
Programs. As Koptev understands, that real possibility to receive
The control over orders of the Center of name Hrunicheva is aktsionirovanie with
The subsequent reception in management of a state block of shares of actions of the enterprise.
Having taken hold of a state block of shares of actions of the centre, Jury Koptev could increase the
Personal authority among large Russian banks. For this purpose it is enough,
That such favourable client as GKNPTS, has translated the bills from not so
Appreciable Moscow international bank in one of banks with brighter
Expressed by "the state mentality". It is possible to achieve in the same way
Respect among colleagues on the government, placing orders for the necessary
The enterprises. At last, it is possible to win honouring of subordinates easily,
Having made so that employees RKA during business trips abroad to foreign
To partners GKNPTS lived in decent hotels together with experts of the centre, and
Not in on what modest budgetary travellers are calculated.
And the most important thing - only so RKA can turn a pyramid in the habitual
For the Russian official position when RKA it is necessary for the name Center
Hrunicheva, rather the reverse.
DMITRY SOLOPOV, DANIEL OSMOLOVSKY.
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Big space.
In the USA all activity in the field of space research
Carries out National board on aeronautics and research
Space (NASA), founded in 1958. It consists from
Five divisions: aeronautics and space technologies, studying
The Universe and planets of Solar system, space flights, gathering
Information, space stations. There are also four independent
The research centre. NASA has no own industrial
Capacities. Its contractors are more than 100 firms, including Rockwell,
Boeing, Lockheed Martin. In 1997 NASA budget has made $13,7 billion
Now in group of astronauts of NASA of 98 persons.
In China for development and the organisation of space programs two respond
Departments - the Chinese space corporation created in 1957, and
The national space management organised in June, 1993. In
Branch structure enter approximately 100 enterprises and the organisations. China
Has three cosmodromes: in TSzjutsuan (it is created in 1958), Sichan (1984) and
Taiyuan (1988). Annually in working out of new space programs China
Puts more than $1,5 billion In all space programs are involved
About a half-million the person. In 1999 in honour of the independence 50 anniversary
China plans to launch into an orbit of two cosmonauts.
In Europe the European space agency is engaged in an outer space exploration
(EKA), created in 1975. It includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the Great Britain. The general budget of agency in 1996 has exceeded
$7,7 billion 30 % of the budget 13 % - are spent for creation of carrier rockets, on
Development of the program of piloted flights. Into structure EKA enter
The technological centre of research of space, control centre of flights,
The centre of research of space and the centre of preparation of cosmonauts. In total in
Agency some tens thousand persons work.
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Small space.
In Russia in 1997 10 starts of rockets of the space are carried out
Purposes; into an orbit 25 space vehicles, including 16 - are deduced
On a commercial basis.
As of November, 1st, 1997 actual financing
The federal space program of Russia has made 1,719 trln roubles, or
45,2 % from the sum provided by the federal budget for 1997.
Research and developmental jobs are financed
On 56,8 % (165 mlrd roubles), and expenses for purchase of the serial space
Technicians have made 5,5 mlrd roubles (1,6 %).
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Vladimir Bulgak: I would like, that RKA it was similar to NASA.
The Vice-premier of Russia Vladimir Bulgak personally is responsible for development
Russian space. And, as the correspondent Dmitry Solopov was convinced, has
The sight at the reforms, expecting space branch.
-- The Russian space agency turns to the monster, to which
The huge number of factories, KB, scientific research institute, test complexes will be subordinated.
It will be space ministry?
-- I would like, that RKA resembled American NASA more. After all
When we created it, have not casually named agency, instead of committee
Or the ministry. To carry out companion start, it is necessary on one
The enterprise to reserve the companion, on other - useful loading, on
The third - three missile stages, on the fourth - engines for each of
Steps, on the fifth - transportation of all this good on the cosmodrome. On the sixth
You should reserve service in assemblage of all reserved on the cosmodrome. From
The seventh place your rocket will operate at start. It also is
Agency functions RKA. That is the agency problem - with all to agree,
Instead of to operate and own.
-- But after all RKA begins to supervise developers and serial
Manufacturers and also to develop government programs. Unless it
Not similar on monopolism?
-- No. An overall objective of re-structuring of the space industry, it
Reforming - increase of an overall performance of space branch. And it
Main task RKA. And who will be the customer at these enterprises is
Question separate. Those who were, those and will be customers. Who has money,
That also pays.
-- The program of re-structuring of space branch assumes in that
Number aktsionirovanie the enterprises of the space industry. That you think
In this occasion?
-- My point of view - it is necessary to do all consistently. It is not necessary
To run forward. In any case aktsionirovanie space is a question 1998
Year.
-- Banks yet do not show interest to branch privatisation?
-- While is not present.
-- Then, maybe, someone wishes to work with abacus RKA which will be
To supervise the majority of commercial and state orders?
-- In this financial neck it will be, of course, interesting to one-two
To banks to be. But it not in interests of the state. Therefore we of it not
Let's allow. Banks will be much, and the right to service of space banks will be
To earn.
//* an information Source: the Businessman (weekly journal), 25.11.97
//* Reg. Nom. - 6071100212.05-------------------------------------------
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